With the ease of digital image manipulation, image forgery has become a common concern. The fast development of commercial image editing software's such as Adobe Photoshop dramatically increases the amount of doctored photographs circulated every day. First, various image forgery detection techniques are classified and then its generalized structure is developed. To restore the traditional trustworthiness on digital photos, image forensics analyses that can reliably tell the origin, integrity and authenticity of a given image are urgently needed. we propose several new image forensics tools. These forensics tools help expose common image forgeries, especially those easy-to-make forgeries, which can hardly be seen directly by human eyes.

During the recent past, weather patterns all over the world have changed and Himachal Pradesh of North-Western Himalaya is no exception. The trend analysis of temperature and precipitation data was done by taking data of 1973-1990 from wet temperate and 1971-90 duration from sub temperate region as baseline which was further divided into two periods i) 1991-2000; ii) 2001-2011 and variation was analysed season wise. In the sub temperate region maximum temperature has increased in all the seasons, however highest increase of 3.11oC was noticed in winter season during 2001-2011 period from the base years of 1971-90. The average minimum temperature was found to decrease over the base period of 1971- 90. The maximum decrease of 1.3oC over the base period was noticed in autumn season during the period of 2001-2011